Abstract Bioactive, technological and sensory properties of wheat and rice breads added of chia (Salvia hispânica L.) protein hydrolyzate were evaluated. The hydrolyzate was added to breads at concentrations of 1, 3 and 5 mg of hydrolyzate/g of flour. The specific volume, total score, bread crumb firmness, color, sensory analysis and antioxidant activity of breads were evaluated. The results showed that the protein content of the protein concentrate (79.56%) increased significantly compared with the defatted chia flour (32.52%). The results of antioxidant activity of chia protein hydrolyzate showed that at 0.50 and 1.0 mg of hydrolyzate/mL showed the highest values of activity by the DPPH method (66.09 and 65.43%). However, the chia protein hydrolyzate at 0.5 mg/mL presented the highest activity with a value of 83.74% by ABTS method. The reducing power results indicated that the hydrolyzate showed a dose-dependent relation since an increase from 0.50 to 2.00 mg/mL resulted in a significant increasing from 0.380 to 0.881 in absorbance. The addition of chia hydrolyzate resulted in good technological characteristics and antioxidant properties, in both breads. The breads with 3 mg of chia hydrolyzate/g flour had good sensory characteristics, which were not lower than those of the control breads.

Abstract The goal of this work is to determine the optimal conditions for the obtaining of protein concentrates from rice bran. The effects of defatting processes applied to this product in laboratory and in industrial scales were investigated. Through two experimental designs were performed, and production conditions to obtain the protein concentrates were chosen with values of protein contents average 59.9% and 57.1%, with protein yields of 61.6% and 30.7%. The concentrates produced with industrially defatted rice bran showed higher digestibility and increased thermal stability compared with the product obtained with laboratory defatted rice bran. Both concentrates show molecular weight proteins below 50 kDa. The morphology of the precipitated proteins, analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, there was a great difference in the size of particles, which form the wet precipitates. The differences presented by the concentrates can be due to defatting processes which raw materials were submitted. Thus, studying the protein extraction conditions and knowing its characteristics is very important for the industry, because food processing requires knowing the behavior of each compound during and after processes they will be submitted.

A chia (Salvia hispanica L.) é uma semente antiga utilizada pelos maias e astecas como alimento para aumentar a resistência física. Essa semente é fonte natural de ácidos graxos ômega-3, fibras e proteínas, além de outros componentes nutricionais importantes, como os antioxidantes. Além disso, oferece um potencial na indústria de alimentos devido aos seus componentes funcionais, com aplicações no enriquecimento de pães, bolos e barras de cereais, produção de hidrolisados proteicos para aplicação em produtos de panificação, produção de maionese com adição de mucilagem de chia, entre outros produtos. Esta revisão tem como objetivo apresentar as possíveis aplicações em alimentos, demonstrando o quanto a chia ainda pode ser explorada nessa área.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an ancient seed used by the Mayas and Aztecs as an endurance-boosting food. This seed is a natural source of omega-3 fatty acids, fibre and protein as well as containing other important nutritional components such as antioxidant agents. Moreover, the functional components of chia seeds offer various applications in the food industry, such as the enrichment of breads, cakes and cereal bars, production of protein hydrolysates for use in bakery products and the production of mayonnaise with the addition of chia mucilage. This review aims to present its possible applications in foods, demonstrating how much chia could further be explored in the food industry.

Com a finalidade de oferecer pão sem glúten para consumidores com síndrome celíaca, em razão da intolerância ao glúten, elaboraram-se produtos com farinha de arroz em substituição à farinha de trigo. Para aumentar o conteúdo proteico dos pães adicionou-se a microalga Spirulina platensis seca, na faixa de 2 a 5% (base farinha). Os pães foram avaliados pelo volume específico, dureza do miolo uma e 24h após o forneamento e a cor do miolo. Verificou-se que o volume específico e a dureza dos pães não sofreram alteração com a adição de até 4% da alga, porem mostraram redução de 22% nos valores de volume e aumento de 113% na dureza quando se adicionou-se 5% (em base de farinha). Quando comparados ao pão não enriquecido, a adição de Spiriulina platensis provocou uma melhoria da qualidade nutricional dos pães, confirmada pelo aumento significativo de 39,04% do conteúdo protéico, alem de vários aminoácidos essenciais (treonina, metionina, isoleucina e leucina). Com relação a cor, os pães com Spirulina apresentaram redução de luminosidade com o aumento de adição de microalga, sendo também observada tendência de aumento de tonalidade verde. Na avaliação sensorial, não se verificou diferença significativa quanto a preferência entre os pães adicionados com 3% e 5% de Spirulina na formulação.

With the objective of offering a product for people with celiac disease, due to their gluten intolerance, gluten-free bread made with rice flour was elaborated, in substitution of the wheat flour. To increase the protein content of the bread, dried Spirulina platensis, a microalga, was added to the products in the range from 2 to 5% (flour basis). The bread samples were evaluated according to their specific volume (V/W), crumb hardness, measured with a texturometer, and the crumb color. It was shown that the specific volume and crumb hardness were not affected by the addition of up to 4% of alga, but a decrease of 22% in the volume and an increase of 113% in crumb hardness of the bread were noted with the addition of 5%. The addition of Spirulina resulted in products with improved nutritional quality, with a significant increase of 39.04% in the protein content as well as of some essential amino acids (threonine, methionine, isoleucine and leucine), when compared to bread without the addition of the alga. With respect to color, the bread with Spirulina showed a decrease in luminosity with increase in the addition of the alga and a displacement of the hue angle towards a green color. With respect to the sensory evaluation, no significant difference was found between the bread with 3 and 5% of Spirulina in the formulation.

A proposta deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da concentração de açúcar e de lipídio na qualidade tecnológica de biscoitos tipo cookie. Para estudar o efeito das variáveis independentes nas respostas, foi realizado delineamento fatorial 2² (quatro ensaios fatoriais) com três repetições no ponto central, totalizando sete ensaios. Os parâmetros avaliados foram massa e diâmetro antes e após o forneamento, espessura, fator de expansão, volume específico e força de quebra dos biscoitos. Foi observado que, em concentrações de açúcar entre 44 e 57% e em concentrações de gordura entre 30 e 38%, foram obtidos os maiores diâmetros depois do forneamento e biscoitos com cor amarela mais intensa. Biscoitos com elevadas concentrações de açúcar apresentaram maior fator de expansão e biscoitos com elevadas concentrações de gordura apresentaram menor força de quebra.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sugar and lipid concentrations on the technological quality of cookies. To study the effect of independent variables on the answers, a factorial design 2² (four factorial assay) with three repetitions at the central point, totalizing seven tests, was developed. The parameters evaluated were mass and diameter before and after baking, thickness, expansion factor, specific volume, and break force. It was observed that for sugar concentrations between 44 and 57% and fat concentrations between 30 and 38%, cookies with more intense yellow color and the largest diameter after baking were obtained. Cookies with high sugar concentrations presented larger expansion factor, and cookies with high fat concentrations presented smaller break force.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo utilizar soro de leite in natura concentrado e desidratado na elaboração de bolos e avaliar a influência deste na composição química e nas características tecnológicas e sensoriais do produto. Os resultados foram avaliados estatisticamente por análise de variância (ANOVA), as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05) e os resultados do teste sensorial de ordenação foram avaliados estatisticamente mediante tabela de Friedman. Os bolos com adição de soro apresentaram aumento no teor proteico e no teor de cinzas quando comparados ao bolo padrão. As notas das características tecnológicas dos bolos com soro in natura foram superiores às notas dos bolos com soro concentrado e desidratado. No entanto, na avaliação sensorial, segundo teste de ordenação, os bolos com adição de soro concentrado e desidratado apresentaram preferência por parte dos julgadores em relação ao bolo contendo soro in natura.

The objective of this work was to make cakes with the addition of liquid, concentrated and dry milk whey to analyze the influence of this ingredient on the chemical composition, and on the technological and sensorial characteristics of cakes. Results were evaluated with variance analysis, the average compared by Tukey's test (p < 0.05) and results of sensorial preference test-rankings were evaluated with the Friedman method. The cakes with the addition of whey presented an increase in protein and ash content when compared with standard cakes. The technological characteristics score of cakes made with liquid whey was higher than the score of cakes made with the addition of concentrated and dry whey. However in the sensorial evaluation through preference test-ranking, cakes with the addition of dry and concentrated whey were preferred by the panelists compared to the cakes with added liquid whey.

The objective of this work was to obtain hydrolysates with different degrees of hydrolysis using Alcalase 2.4L® and to evaluate the effect of the enzyme [E] and substrate [S] concentration on the functional properties of the hydrolysates. It was obtained hydrolysates with hydrolysis degree values ranging from 12.2 to 43.7%. The values of solubility and water holding capacity were similar for the greater number of the hydrolysates with minimum values in the pH 5.0. The hydrolysis degree showed direct relationship with the solubility and indirect with the water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, emulsifying capacity and foaming capacity.

The objective of this work was to study the influence of enzymes Alcalase, Flavourzyme and Novozym in the functional properties of hydrolysates of Bluewing searobin (Prionotus punctatus) minced. The hydrolysates of Bluewing searobin were evaluated for the chemical composition and the functional properties. The Novozym enzyme presented greater specific activity differing significantly from the enzymes Alcalase and Flavourzyme. The hydrolysates of Bluewing searobin presented protein content above of 87% and excellent solubility, capacity of water retention, capacity of oil retention and emulsifying capacity.

The enzymatic modification of proteins has been widely studied with the aim of add value to low commercial value fish. The objective of this work was to evaluate and optimize the parameters involved in the production process of an enzymatic protein hydrolyzed with high protein content. The results showed that for Alcalase the most significant parameters were temperature, pH and substrate concentration and for Flavourzyme were pH, substrate concentration and enzyme concentration. It was obtained for Alcalase a predictive model for the recovered nitrogen and for Flavourzyme a predictive model for the hydrolysis degree.

To study the action of Alcalase and Flavourzyme on the proteins of chicken meat, the influence of the substrate concentration [S], enzyme concentration [E] and hydrolysis time on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the proteins was evaluated. The highest DH for breast meat was obtained with a [S] of 3.3% (w/v), with a [E] of 6% (w/w) and reaction time of 90 min, for both enzymes. For thigh meat the conditions to get the highest DH were: [S] of 5% (w/v), [E] of 8% (w/w) and a reaction time of 120 min, for both enzymes.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos elaborar pães enriquecidos com proteína de pescado para aumentar o conteúdo deste nutriente no produto e avaliar estes pães sensorial, tecnológica e físico-quimicamente. A proteína de pescado foi obtida a partir de cabrinha (Prionotus punctatus), espécie de baixo valor comercial. Para obtenção da polpa de cabrinha, a matéria-prima foi submetida a um processo de lavagem, seguido de secagem. Foram desenvolvidas cinco formulações de pão: 30, 40 e 50% de polpa lavada úmida (PU) e 3 e 5% de polpa lavada seca (PS) em base à farinha. Os pães foram avaliados sensorial (teste de ordenação, escala hedônica e perfil de atributos), tecnológica (notas das características internas, externas e volume específico) e físico-quimicamente (composição centesimal). O teste de perfil de atributos mostrou que o pão com 5% PS não diferiu significativamente (alfa = 0,05) do padrão para nenhum atributo avaliado. Todos pães apresentaram aceitação superior a 74%, no entanto ocorreu diminuição das notas das características internas e externas e do volume específico dos pães com o aumento da adição de polpa em todas as formulações, caracterizando queda da qualidade tecnológica. Os pães com 3 e 5% de PS e 50% de PU apresentaram um aumento no conteúdo protéico de 31, 45 e 48% respectivamente, em relação ao conteúdo protéico do pão padrão.

This work had as objectives to elaborate breads enriched with minced meat of fish and evaluate them sensorial, technological and physico-chemically. The fish protein was obtained from cabrinha (Prionotus punctatus), a low commercial value specie. To obtain the minced fish, the grinded meat was submitted to three wash steps with water, resulting the wet washed minced fish (WWMF). When the WWWF was dried and sifted, it was obtained the dry washed minced fish (DWMF). Five bread formulations with addition of 30, 40 and 50% of WWMF and 3 and 5% of DWMF were tested. All breads obtained were evaluated sensorial (preference test ranking, nine-point hedonic scale and attribute profile), technological (specific volume and technological score for the external and internal characteristics) and physico-chemically (centesimal composition). The attribute profile test showed that the bread containing 5% DWMF didn’t differ significantly (alpha = 0.05) from the bread without addition of fish protein in any attribute. All formulations showed an acceptance index higher than 74%, however it was observed a decreasing of technological score and specific volume values with the increasing amount of minced fish in all formulations, resulting technological quality loss. Breads containing 3 and 5% of DWMF and 50% of WWMF presented a protein increase of 31, 45 e 48%, respectively, when compared to the protein of the bread without addition of fish.

O mirtilo tem seu consumo favorecido devido a sua cor e ao alto conteúdo de antioxidantes naturais, tais como compostos fenólicos que são principalmente antocianinas. Apesar do fruto já estar sendo cultivado no Brasil, ainda não existem produtos industrializados. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo medir compostos fenólicos, poder antioxidante e caracterizar diferentes cultivares de mirtilo da espécie Vaccinium ashei Reade que foram cedidos pela EMBRAPA - Clima Temperado/Pelotas - RS, assim como, elaborar produtos alimentícios e avaliá-los sob os mesmos parâmetros. Os produtos alimentícios processados foram: néctar e barra de cereais adicionadas de passas de mirtilo.

Rabbiteye blueberry is favourable consumption wise due to its color and to the high natural antioxidant substance content such as phenolic compounds that are mainly anthocyanins. The fruit is already cultivated in the Brazil, however it does not exist as an industrialized product. The aim of the present work is to measure phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and to characterize different varieties of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) as well as to develop products and evaluate them under the same parameters. The fruit was donated by Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas (RS), the processed products were nectar and a cereal bar with rabbiteye blueberry raisins.

O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência da formulação na estabilidade da massa de pão durante a estocagem congelada. As massas para pão contendo glúten Vital e trealose foram submetidas a congelamento mecânico de -30° C e estocadas na forma congelada por 45 dias. Foram testados dois tipos de leveduras instantâneas: (A) para massas doces, e (B) para massas salgadas. Foram avaliados na massa, os efeitos da formulação, tipo de levedura e a estocagem congelada, pelas características de extensibilidade e a contagem de leveduras viáveis, e no pão, pelo volume específico, a dureza do miolo e as características tecnológicas. Somente o volume específico foi influenciado pelo tipo de levedura, mostrando o tipo A um melhor efeito do que o tipo B. A estocagem congelada influenciou negativamente o volume específico, a dureza do miolo e a pontuação tecnológica do pão. A adição de 10% de trealose mostrou um efeito benéfico na taxa de sobrevivência celular para ambos tipos de leveduras.

The main objective of this work was to determine the influence of formulation on the stability of bread dough during frozen storage. Bread doughs containing gluten and trehalose were submitted to mechanical freezing at -30° C and stored frozen for 45 days. Two types of instant yeast were tested: (A) for sweet doughs and (B) for savoury doughs. Specific volume was significantly affected by the yeast type, type A showing better effect than type B. Frozen storage of the doughs negatively affected the specific volume, crumb hardness and technological score of the bread. The addition of 10% trehalose had a beneficial effect on the cell survival rate for both the yeasts.